Phthalic acid Esters (PAEs) are used as softeners in plastics industry. These compounds are now considered as ubiquitous, hard degradable and dangerous environmental contaminants. Anzali wetland has international importance that many rivers and untreated urban and industrial wastewater enter it. The aim of this research was to evaluate six kinds of phthalates including dibutyl Phthalate (DBP), diisobutyl Phthalate (DIBP), diethyl Phthalate (DEP), and dimethyl Phthalate (DMP) in sediments of the wetland. The sediment samples were taken from 22 stations with three replicates in each station in July 2015. Phthalates were separated from sediments through dispersive liquid-liquid micro extraction (DLLME) method and their measurement was performed by gas chromatography equipped with mass spectrometer. The results showed that the most polluted station is located in western part that is Nahang Roga (station 13) with total concentration of six phthalic acid esters, 20. 33 mg kg-1 and the cleanest part is Siahdarvishan (station 21) in the southeastern part with an average concentration of phthalic acid ester 0. 69 mg kg-1. The greatest concentration of phthalic acid esters including DEHP, BBP, DBP, DIBP, DEP, and DMP were 13. 49, 0. 23, 3. 55, 3. 19, 0. 02 and 0. 02 mg kg-1, respectively. Total concentrations of phthalates in all stations determined by calculating the amount of phthalates in sediments and the average of all stations was 4. 87 mg kg-1 which is more than USEPA and China standard.

A study on Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii was undertaken in the Anzali Lagoon, a shallow coastal wetland, during the growth seasons in spring and summer of 1992 and 2005. Water samples were collected on a monthly basis from four sampling stations for quantitative and qualitative analyses of phytoplankton species. A Ruthner sampler was used to collect water samples from a depth of 20 cm for the quantitative analyses of phytoplankton while water samples for the identification of plankton species were collected from the entire water column using a plankton net sampler with a mesh size of 25 microns. All samples were fixed in 2% formalin solution. C. raciborski, a freshwater species of the subtropical and pantropical regions was observed in the samples along with 19 other cyanophyta species. Masses of C. raciborskii consisted of filaments that were cylindrical, straight and narrowed towards the end. Cells were cylindrical or barrel shaped 2.5-12(16) × (1.7)2-4 mm. The cross walls were narrow, end cells conical or round. Heterocytes were drop-like with ovoid or pointed terminals. Akinetes were cylindrical or ovoid (7)8.5 - 18(22) mm. Formation of blooms is a distinctive feature of this species and populations of this species produce a kind of cyanotoxin. This species was found abundantly in the western region of the Anzali Lagoon where the pH was above 8. The species C. raciborskii comprising more than 70% of the species composition in the months of July and August was considered the dominant species in this region of the Anzali Lagoon. Owing to the lack of proper environmental management policies, a large amount of sewage (industrial, agricultural and domestic) enters the Anzali Lagoon everyday causing an increase in the organic load and eutrophication of this lagoon thus providing favorable conditions for the occurrence of heavy blooms of C. raciborskii. This will ultimately result in the mass mortality of aquatic organisms.

The aim of this investigatin is study of some biological and physico-chemical parameters of the river water into the Anzali wetland and comparison with international standards. The Samples collected in the summer and fall of 1390 and conducted monthly. Heterotrophic microorganisms were isolated in plate count agar, enterococci in kf agar and coliforms and E. coli in Chromagar ECC agar and Maccangi agar. After 48 to 72 hours of incubation at 30 ° C were identified and counted. Water physicochemical parameters were also studied and noted. Most of the logarithmic mean change in total bacteria (7.07 cfu / ml), total coliform (6.537 cfu / ml), fecal coliforms (4.96 cfu / ml) and fecal streptococci (3.649 cfu / ml) at station No.6 (river Pir Bazar) was in summer (P<0.05). In this study, NO2 mg / l range in the water stations were higher than the EPA standard limits but NO3mg / l, NH4mg / l and PO4mg / l ranges were acceptable range. The Coliform bacteria and Fecal coliform and Enterococci at many stations the standard was very high and higher than allowed. Temperature rise, urban populations grow near the Lagoon and domestic wastewater, urban and industrial pollution load in the wetland are the main reasons for microbial increase.

Anzali Wetland an important of resources ecotourism in Iran and even in Medal east that it could have occupying and economic and protect of environment in region. The aim of this paper is recognition of human bioclimatic comfort in Anzali wetland with Becker and Lancaster- karsten method. Research method has using of analyzing climatic data with bioclimatic model of Becker and Lancaster- Karsten climograph and Psychometric table. Result of this paper has shown that Anzali wetland has human bioclimatic comfort in April, May, July and August. it has warm weather with bioclimatic stress (pressure) with muggy weather but sustainable in November, December, January, September and Mars is cold with moderate bioclimatic instigation, also in this area with Lancaster-Karsten method for recognition of muggy weather has shown that in June, August, September is muggy weather and in May, October is in the frontier of muggy weather conditions at climogram (many days muggy weather phenomena) and in January, February, Mars, April, November and December is no muggy weather.

Different of location and timely precipitation is an important for recognition of its Geographical distribution this phenomena has more important for Ecosystem of Anzali wetland. The research method of this paper has used from data (14 statistics station from Gilan Water organization) and Kriging method of Geographical Information System (GIS) for interpolation and obtain of zoning maps. The result of this paper has shown that November has maximum with autumn regimes of precipitation. Maximum rate of rainfall in September and in summer. Coefficient Variety of precipitation map showed that more of area in less than 16 percent that representation for a regular precipitation in area.

Background and Objective: lack of enough attention to the public participation is the most reason for the deficiency of wetland ecosystem management. Managing wetlands based on ecological approach defined as “, taking all the key elements and indicators in long-term management of an ecosystem and also as an integrated management strategy, promotes the conservation and sustainable use of resources with the participation of all stakeholders and the active participation of people, local communities in particular”, . The purpose of this study is to present a management framework in the Anzali International Wetland with an ecological approach, applied for the first time. Material and Methodology: This study is a descriptive-analytical study based on available data. The World Conservation Union has incorporated 12 principles into five categories in this study developed for Anzali Wetland as the study area. Gephi software was used for stakeholders’,network analysis too. Findings: The results showed the developed framework in this study is comprised of seven main sections: Pre-planning, Scoping, Analysis, Planning, Implementation, Monitoring and Evaluation. Each of thes mentioned sections has related elements. In stakeholders’, network analysis individuals are represented as nodes and connections as edges of the graph that shows the linkage between stakeholders. Discussion and Conclusion: The main stakeholders should have participated in the ecological management of the wetland including: Governmental Organizations, Non-governmental Organizations, Local Communities, Judiciary, and Legislature. In this study, the initial stages of the developed framework were implemented including pre-planning, scoping, and some parts of the analysis. Afterwards, the identified stakeholders, at consideration of verified and modified information obtained from the previous three steps, formulate a joint implementation, monitoring and evaluation plan in the participatory workshops. It is also recommended to apply the developed framework in other wetlands and common natural resources, especially protected areas, in accordance with the legal duties of the Department of Environment (DoE).

Anzali wetland is one of the most important places for migratory fishes. Zooplankton organisms are the first consumers in the ecosystem. They are perfect food for the larvae of fishes. Six stations from different areas of wetland were examined for the study of zooplankton population during March 2011 to April 2012. Sampling was done by tube (PVC) and passing through of 30 micron plankton net. The samples were identified and counted by inverted microscope. According to the results, 60 Genus and 6 phylum (11, 31, 10, 2, 1, 1, 1, 2 genus of phylum Protozoa, Rotatoria, Arthropoda, Gastrotricha, Mollusca, Tardigrada, Nematoda, Porifera, Annelida) respectively were identified. The results showed that the maximum annual average density of zooplankton was observed with 2497±687number per litre in Karkan station and the population was more in the summer than in other seasons. Density of Rotatoria, protozoa and superclass Copepoda were 48%, 45% and 6% respectively. Results showed the population structure of zooplankton did not change much compared to past studies (due to improper environmental conditions), excluding Protozoa but the diversity of all zooplankton group is extremely declined. Kruskal Wallis test showed there was not significant difference between density of zooplankton in different stations, months and seasons (p>0.05), but significant differences were found between densities of different zooplankton phylum (p<0.05).